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Extreme metal music and anger processing
Genevieve A. Dingle, Leah Sharman
TL;DR
The findings indicate that extreme music did not make angry participants angrier; rather, it appeared to match their physiological arousal and result in an increase in positive emotions. Listening to extreme music may represent a healthy way of processing anger for these listeners.
Introduction
Heavy metal, emotional (emo), hardcore, punk, screamo, and each of their subgenres form the category of āextremeā music. Extreme music is characterized by chaotic, loud, heavy, and powerful sounds, with emotional vocals, often containing lyrical themes of anxiety, depression, social isolation, and loneliness (Shafron and Karno, 2013).
Extreme Music
alcohol use
Due to the consequences of the 1960s era of drug experimentation, decline of peaceful protest movements, and the continuation of the Vietnam War, angry and pessimistic themes began to emerge in new genres of music (Reddick and Beresin, 2002). Thus, punk and heavy metal music were dedicated to notions of anarchy and destruction (Stack et al., 1994; Reddick and Beresin, 2002; Lozon and Bensimon, 2014).
A review by Baker and Bor (2008) found a relationship between various genres of music and antisocial behaviors, vulnerability to suicide, and drug use among young people. However, there was no evidence in these studies for a causal link, and it was instead suggested that music preference is a reflection of emotional vul-nerability in these young listeners.
Hardcore, death metal, emotional/emotional-hardcore (emo), and screamo appeared throughout the 1980s, gradually becoming more a part of mainstream culture. Each of these genres and their subgenres are socio-politically charged and, as men-tioned earlier, are characterized by heavy and powerful sounds with expressive vocals.
In terms of uses of music to influence emotions, there were no differences between groups in their use of music for entertainment and strong sensation;
however, there were small differences in use of music for revival, diversion, emotional discharge, mental work, and solace.
Anderson et al. (2003) played musically equivalent songs with and without violent lyrics to the participants. They found that listening to songs with violent lyrics increased participantsā state hostility relative to listening to non-violent songs.
The authors interpreted their findings to mean that listening to these types of music allows problem music fans to regulate their mood in a more sublimated way, instead of externalizing negative emotions, which in turn could lead to engaging in antisocial acts.
Extreme Music and Anger
Gowensmith and Bloom (1997) found that heavy metal fans did not show an increase in anger after listening to heavy metal music. In this study, heavy metal music was highly arousing to both fans and non-fans, and in fact, measured state-arousal was greater among heavy metal listeners. Despite the arousing influence of the music, heavy metal fans displayed no difference in self-reported anger whether they were listening to a non-preferred music genre (country) or heavy metal. Non-fans, on the other hand, did display greater self-reported anger after listening to heavy metal. It is unclear whether the non-fans were angry as a result of the musical characteristics, or because they were being asked to listen to something they did not enjoy.
A preference for rap/hip-hop only indicated elevated smoking among girls and, interestingly, a preference for heavy metal was associated with less smoking among boys and less drinking among girls (Mulder et al., 2009). This evidence does not support a causal view. Extreme music typically does not contain themes of illicit drug use, although some songs do contain lyrics related to
although there is evidence that heavy metal increases state arousal (Stack et al., 1994; Gowensmith and Bloom, 1997), there is as yet insufficent evidence that it causes increased anger.
Considering the Case of Music and Sadness
the influence of negatively valenced music on listeners appears to depend on the listening context, their current mood, and moderation by other personality traits.
Note: Ada perbedaan dari penelitian lainnya pada hasil penelitian āsad musicā. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa musik sendu dapat mengobati/meningkatkan mood pendengarnya. Namun ada juga hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa mendengarkan musik sendu malah meningkatkan depresi pada pendengarnya.
Study Aims and Hypothesis
angst and aggression
kecemasan dan agresi
the current study sought to explore this question by recruiting extreme music lis-teners for an experimental study on the effects of extreme music listening (compared to a no music control condition) on anger processing. Given that personally selected music is capable of determining emotional responses (LabbƩ et al., 2007)
A secondary aim for the study was to analyze what the partic-ipants in the music condition selected from their own playlists to listen to when they were angry. This analysis will investigate the features of their chosen music in terms of genre, whether the songs contained angry lyrics, and the speed of tempo (beats/min).
Materials and Methods
Participants
There were 40 people recruited to the study; however, one per-sonās data were unusable so the final sample consisted of 39 participants (72% male), with ages ranging from 18 to 34 years (M=22.36, SD=3.19 years).
Discussion
pertinently to fully experience anger and to calm themselves down when feeling angry.
Extreme Music and Anger
Among our sample of extreme music fans in the normal range on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, the majority reported that they listened to extreme music for a range of emotional effects ā most the results showed that listening to metal music relaxed participants as effectively as sitting in silence.
These findings are consistent with Gowen-smith and Bloom (1997) finding that heavy metal music was highly arousing to both fans and non-fans but did not cause an increase in subjective anger in fans. The findings are counter to the claims that extreme music causes anger and promotes aggressive behavior (Stack et al., 1994; Arnett, 1996).
Ratings of relaxation decreased during the anger induction but increased again during music listening or silence.
that personally selected music of any genre is just as relaxing as (experimenter selected) classical music.
ratings on two other positive emotions, active and inspired, further demonstrate that music listening helped partic-ipants to feel these positively valenced emotions. Active feelings increased in all participants during the anger induction, consistent with the idea that anger activates approach motivation (Carver and Harmon-Jones, 2009).
Ratings of feeling inspired were relatively flat from baseline to anger induction for both conditions and were unchanged for those who sat in silence. In contrast, participants who listened to their selected extreme music experienced a signif-icant increase in feelings of inspiration.
Extreme music fans reported using their music to enhance their happiness, to immerse themselves in feelings of love, and agreed that their music enhanced their well-being. What each of these responses indicates is that extreme music listeners appear to be using their music listening for positive self-regulatory purposes.
Although this effect cannot be generalized to non-fans, it never-theless lends support to a growing body of research about everyday music listening and emotion regulation (Saarikallio, 2011; Thoma et al., 2012; Papinczak et al., 2015).
Taken together, the findings support the view that extreme music listeners use music to regulate their anger and to feel active and inspired. This emotion regulation effect is similar to that found in some research on sad music listening (Saarikallio and Erkkila, 2007; Vuoskoski et al., 2012).
Practical Implications
For instance, Van den Tol and Edwards (2013) found that people often engaged in sad music listening when sad in order to fully experience their negative affect and to enhance their mood. Indeed, participants in our study also reported listening to extreme music to improve their mood when feeling sad.
Note: Contoh pendukung lainnya
Earlier studies showed that an individualās music preference is capable of biasing clinical judgment
What Did Angry Participants Listen To?
It was predicted that angry participants would select extreme music from their playlists that matched their anger in terms of high tempo and angry lyrics. The anal-ysis confirmed that all participants chose to listen to extreme music after the anger induction.
Note: Namun, sulit untuk menentukan apakah hal yang mempengaruhi itu diperoleh dari lirik, ingatan/kenangan, atau dari tempo musik
adolescent
Remaja
Hasil Penelitian
The results of our study indicate that responses like these are unjustified. On the contrary, the results show that extreme music may be used to recover from anger and to enhance emotional and mental health.
Hasil pendukung:
Moreover, these findings are extremely useful in clinical settings. Music-based interventions have been found to be effective in the treatment of a range of disorders that commonly involve emotional volatility including the psychoses (Gold et al., 2009), post-traumatic stress disorder (Zoteyva et al., 2015), and substance misuse (Baker et al., 2012; Short and Dingle, 2015). The use of extreme music in therapy may also result in increased engagement and participation in therapy for fans of these genres (Dingle et al., 2008).
Conclusion
This study found that extreme music fans listen to music when angry to match their anger, and to feel more active and inspired.
They also listen to music to regulate sadness and to enhance positive emotions.
Saran penelitian
The results refute the notion that extreme music causes anger but further research is required to replicate these findings in naturalistic social contexts, and to investigate the potential contributions of individual listener variables on this relationship between extreme music listening and anger processing.
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